Currently operational sites
Kaamanen
Kaamanen is a mesotrophic flark fen in northern Finland.
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Photo: Kauko Pistemaa
| Station name | Kaamanen |
| Coordinates | N69°8.435', E27°16.189 |
| Altitude (masl) | 155 |
| Ecosystem type | Fen |
| Networks |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI7000 + USA-1 | 5 | 04/1997→ | x |
| CH4-flux (EC) | LGR | 5 | 07/2010→ | x |
| Supporting observations | Air temperature + humidity, soil temperature, soil heat flux, soil moisture, water level height, PPFD, global radiation, albedo, net radiation | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 9601 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | -0.4 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 472 |
| Average snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 61 |
| Median snow cover start date | Oct 29 |
| Median snow cover end date | May 10 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | Sedges, shrubs and mosses |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | 0.3 |
| Max projected LAI | 0.7 |
| Soil type | Peat |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | x |
| Tree density (ha-1) | x |
| Tree age (years) | x |
References
Aurela M., Laurila T. and Tuovinen J.-P. (2002) Annual CO2 balance of a subarctic fen in northern Europe:
Importance of the wintertime efflux, Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D21), 4607,
doi:10.1029/2002JD002055.
Aurela M., Laurila T. and Tuovinen J.-P. (2004) The timing of snow melt controls the annual CO2 balance
in a subarctic fen. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L16119, doi:10.1029/2004GL020315.
Maanavilja L., Riutta T., Aurela M., Pulkkinen M., Laurila T., and Tuittila E.-S. 2010. Spatial variation in CO2
exchange at a northern aapa mire. Biogeochemistry, 104 (1–3), 325–345. doi:10.1007/s10533-010-9505-7.
Pallas (GAW)
Measurements at Pallas Atmosphere-Ecosystem Supersite include four different GHG measurement
locations, Kenttärova, Lompolojänkkä, Pallaslompolonniemi and Sammaltunturi, described below.
Kenttärova and Lompolojänkkä are part of the same 42-ha catchment, and the surface water move
nutrients within the catchment from Kenttärova to Lompolojänkkä and finally into the Lake Pallasjärvi
(close to the flux measurement station Pallaslompolonniemi). Pallas is a northern node of Pallas-Sodankylä
GAW station of Finnish Meteorological Institute, the other node being located in Sodankylä Arctic Research Centre.
Kenttärova
The supporting ecosystem site Kenttärova is situated near to the northern border of the boreal
vegetation zone on a hill that is circa 60 m above surrounding planes.
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Photo: Tuomas Laurila
| Station name | Kenttärova |
| Coordinates | N67° 59.237', E24°14.579' |
| Altitude (masl) | 347 |
| Ecosystem type | Spruce forest |
| Networks |
ICOS associate ecosystem station, |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI7000 + USA-1 | 23 | 01/2003 → | x |
| CO2 and CH4 flux (manual chamber) | Picarro G2301 | Forest floor | 07/2016 → | x |
| CO2- and CH4 - concentration | Picarro G2301 | 2, 10, 20 | 06/2012 → | x |
| Supporting observations |
Air temperature + humidity, soil temperature, soil heat flux, soil moisture, PPFD, global radiation, albedo, net radiation, LW radiation, precipitation, snow depth |
|||
| Climate data point | LPNN 8201 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | -1.4 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 484 |
| Average snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 72 |
| Median snow cover start date | Oct 24 |
| Median snow cover end date | May 14 |
| Environment (in 2002) | |
| Vegetation type | Norway spruce forest |
| Mean vegetation height | 13 m |
| Max projected LAI | 2.2 |
| Soil type | Podzol |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | - |
| Tree density (ha-1) | 1050 |
| Tree age (years) | 70-160 |
References
Aurela M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Hatakka J., Penttilä T., Laurila T. (2015) Carbon dioxide and energy flux
measurements in four northern-boreal ecosystems at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 455-473.
Hatakka J., Aalto T., Aaltonen V., Aurela M., Hakola H., Komppula M., Laurila T., Lihavainen H., Paatero J.,
Salminen K. and Viisanen Y. (2003). Overview of the atmospheric research activities and results at Pallas GAW
station. Boreal Environment Research, 8(4), 365-383.
Lohila A., Penttilä T., Jortikka S., Aalto T., Anttila P., Asmi E., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Hellen H., Henttonen H.,
Hänninen P., Kilkki J., Kyllönen K., Laurila T., Lepistö A., Lihavainen H., Makkonen U., Paatero J., Rask M.,
Sutinen R., Tuovinen J-P., Vuorenmaa J., Viisanen Y. (2015) Preface to the special issue on integrated
research of atmosphere, ecosystems and environment at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 431-454.
Lompolojänkkä
The supporting ecosystem site Lompolojänkkä is an open, nutrient-rich sedge fen located in
north-western Finland.
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Photo: Tuomas Laurila
| Station name | Lompolojänkkä |
| Coordinates | N67°59.835', E24°12.546' |
| Altitude (masl) | 269 |
| Ecosystem type | Open, nutrient-rich sedge fen |
| Networks | ICOS Class II ecosystem site |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2-concentration | LI6262 | 3 | 03/2005 → | x |
| CH4-concentration | GC | 3 | 03/2005 -11/2011 | x |
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI7200 + USA-1 | 3 | 03/2005 → | x |
| CH4-flux (EC) | LGR | 3 | 08/2006 → | x |
| CH4-flux (EC) | FID | 3 | 03/2005 -08/2006 | x |
| CH4 + N2O -flux (manual chamber) | GC | Ground | 08/2004 → | x |
| CH4 + CO2 -flux (manual chamber) | LGR | Ground | 06/2016 → | x |
| CH4-flux (automatic chamber) | GC, LGR | Ground | 2007 → | x |
| Supporting observations | Air temperature + humidity, soil temperature, soil heat flux, soil moisture, water level height, PPFD, global radiation, albedo, net radiation | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 8201 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | -1.4 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 484 |
| Average snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 72 |
| Median snow cover start date | Oct 24 |
| Median snow cover end date | May 14 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | Shrubs, sphagnum mosses |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | 0.4 |
| Max projected LAI | 1.3 |
| Soil type | Peat |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | x |
| Tree density (ha-1) | x |
| Tree age (years) | x |
References
Aurela M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J.-P., Hatakka J., Riutta T., and Laurila T. (2009) Carbon dioxide exchange
on a northern boreal fen. Boreal Environment Research 14, 699–710.
Aurela M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Hatakka J., Penttilä T., Laurila T. (2015) Carbon dioxide and energy
flux measurements in four northern-boreal ecosystems at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 455-473.
Drewer J., Lohila A., Aurela M., Laurila T., Minkkinen K., Penttilä T., Dinsmore K.J., McKenzie R., Helfter C.,
Flechard C., Sutton M.A., and Skiba U.M. (2010) Comparison of greenhouse gas fluxes and nitrogen budgets
from an ombrotrophic bog in Scotland and a minerotrophic sedge fen in Finland. European Journal of Soil Science,
61, 640–650. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01267.x.
Lohila A., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Pihlatie M., Minkkinen K., Penttilä T., and Laurila T. (2010) Responses of N2O
fluxes to temperature, water table and N deposition in a northern boreal fen. European Journal of Soil Science,
61, 651–661, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01265.x.
Lohila A., Penttilä T., Jortikka S., Aalto T., Anttila P., Asmi E., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Hellen H., Henttonen H.,
Hänninen P., Kilkki J., Kyllönen K., Laurila T., Lepistö A., Lihavainen H., Makkonen U., Paatero J., Rask M.,
Sutinen R., Tuovinen J-P., Vuorenmaa J., Viisanen Y. (2015) Preface to the special issue on integrated research
of atmosphere, ecosystems and environment at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 431-454.
Mathijssen P., Tuovinen J.-P., Lohila A., Aurela M., Juutinen S., Laurila T., Niemelä E., Tuittila E.-S., and
Väliranta M. (2014) Development, carbon accumulation, and radiative forcing of a subarctic fen over the Holocene.
The Holocene, 24, 1021-1027, DOI: 10.1177/095968361453807.
Metzger C., Jansson P.-E., Lohila A., Aurela M., Eickenscheidt T., Belelli-Marchesini L., Dinsmore K., Drewer J.,
van Huissteden J. and Drösler M. (2015) CO2 flux and ecosystem dynamics at five European treeless peatlands
– Merging data and process oriented modelling. Biogeosciences, 12, 125–146.
Petrescu A.M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Baldocchi D.D., Desai A.R., Roulet N.T., Vesala T., Dolman A.J., Oechel W.C.,
Marcolla B., Friborg T., Rinne J., Matthes J.H., Merbold L., Meijide A., Kiely G., Sottocornola M., Sachs T., Zona D.,
Varlagin A., Lai D.Y., Veenendaal E., Parmentier F.W., Skiba U., Lund M., Hensen A., Huissteden J.V., Flanagan L.B.,
Shurpali N.J., Grunwald T., Humphreys E.R., Jackowicz-Korczynski M., Aurela M., Laurila T., Gruning C., Corradi C.A.,
Schrier-Uijl A.P., Christensen T.R., Tamstorf M.P., Mastepanov M., Martikainen P.J., Verma S.B., Bernhofer C., Cescatti A.
(2015) The uncertain climate footprint of wetlands under human pressure. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 112, 4594-4599. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416267112
Raivonen M., Mäkiranta P., Lohila A., Juutinen S., Vesala T. and Tuittila E.-S. (2015) A simple CO2 exchange
model simulates the seasonal leaf area development of peatland sedges. Ecological modelling, 312, 32–43.
Pallaslompolonniemi
The Lake Pallasjärvi is located north of Arctic Circle and is a northern-boreal headwater lake with a size of 17.3 km2.
It is a clear-water, low-productive, oligotrophic lake and its almost-pristine catchment area consists mainly of
coniferous forests, open and treed mires and treeless tundra fells. The mean and maximum depth of the lake is 9 and
36 m, respectively.
Photo: Annalea Lohila
| Station name | Pallaslompolonniemi |
| Coordinates | N68° 0.280', E24°12.254' |
| Altitude (masl) | 267 |
| Ecosystem type | Lake |
| Networks |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI7000 + USA-1 | 2.5 | 07/2013 → | x |
| Supporting observations | Air temperature + humidity, water temperature, water level, PPFD, net radiation | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 8201 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | -1.4 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 484 |
| Average snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 72 |
| Median snow cover start date | Oct 24 |
| Median snow cover end date | May 14 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | Lake |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | x |
| Max projected LAI | x |
| Soil type | x |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | x |
| Tree density (ha-1) | x |
| Tree age (years) | x |
References
Aurela M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Hatakka J., Penttilä T., Laurila T. (2015) Carbon dioxide and energy flux measurements in four northern-boreal ecosystems at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 455-473.
Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Hatakka J., Aurela M., Vuorenmaa J., Haakana M., Laurila T. (2015) Carbon dioxide and energy fluxes over a northern boreal lake. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 474-488.
Lohila A., Penttilä T., Jortikka S., Aalto T., Anttila P., Asmi E., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Hellen H., Henttonen H., Hänninen P., Kilkki J., Kyllönen K., Laurila T., Lepistö A., Lihavainen H., Makkonen U., Paatero J., Rask M., Sutinen R., Tuovinen J-P., Vuorenmaa J., Viisanen Y. (2015) Preface to the special issue on integrated research of atmosphere, ecosystems and environment at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 431-454.
Kuha J., Arvola L., Hanson P.C., Huotari J., Huttula T., Juntunen J., Järvinen M., Kallio K., Ketola M., Kuoppamäki K., Lepistö A., Lohila A., Paavola R., Vuorenmaa J., Winslow L. and Karjalainen J. (2016) Response of boreal lakes to episodic weather-induced events. Inland waters, 6, 523–534, doi: 10.5268/IW-6.4.886
Sammaltunturi
Sammaltunturi station is on top of a sub-arctic hill, ca. 100 m above the treeline. The vegetation
on hill top is sparse, consisting mainly of low vascular plants, moss and lichen. Sammaltunturi is
one of the main observatories of Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) of World Meteorological Organization.
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Photo: Niku Kivekäs
Basic information
| Station name | Sammaltunturi |
| Coordinates | N67°58.400' E24°06.939' |
| Altitude (masl) | 565 |
| Ecosystem type | Fell top/ tundra |
| Networks |
Main WMO-GAW site; Main ICOS atmospheric station |
| Parameter | Instrument |
Measurement height (m) |
Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
|
CO2 concentration |
LI-6262, LI-7000 |
7 |
07/1998 - 10/2012 |
x |
| CH4 concentration |
GC/FID Picarro G1301, G2401 |
7 7 |
02/2004 - 01/2009 --> |
x |
| N2O concentration |
GC/ECD LGR N2O/CO-23-EP |
7 7 |
02/2004 - 12/2015 07/2013--> |
x |
| SF6 concentration | GC/ECD | 7 | 02/2004 - 12/2015 | x |
| H2 concentration | GC/RGD | 7 | 09/2006 - 12/2014 | x |
| CO concentration |
GC/FID GC/RGD Picarro G2401 LGR N2O/CO-23-EP |
7 7 7 2.5 |
02/2004 - 01/2009 09/2006 - 12/2014 12/2011 --> 07/2013 |
x |
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI-7000 +USA-1 | 2.5 | 06/2011 → | x |
| Supporting observations | Air temperature, air humidity, PPFD, Global radiation, soil temperature profile, soil humidity, soil heat flux, trace gases, radon, aerosol properties | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 8201 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | -1.4 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 484 |
| Average snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 72 |
| Median snow cover start date | Oct 24 |
| Median snow cover end date | May 14 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | Shrubs |
| Mean vegetation height | 20 cm |
| Max projected LAI | - |
| Soil type | Bare bedrock / rock field, partly covered by thin humus layer |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | x |
| Tree density (ha-1) | x |
| Tree age (years) | x |
References
Aalto T., Hatakka J., Karstens U., Aurela M., Thum T., and Lohila A. (2006) Modeling atmospheric CO2 concentration profiles and fluxes above sloping terrain at a boreal site. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 303–314.
Aalto T., Hatakka J., Kouznetsov R., Stanislawska K. (2015) Background and anthropogenic influences on atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at Pallas: Comparison of two models for tracing air mass history. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 213-226.
Aurela M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Hatakka J., Penttilä T., Laurila T. (2015) Carbon dioxide and energy flux measurements in four northern-boreal ecosystems at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 455-473.
Hatakka J., Aalto T., Aaltonen V., Aurela M., Hakola H., Komppula M., Laurila T., Lihavainen H., Paatero J., Salminen K. and Viisanen Y. (2003) Overview of the atmospheric research activities and results at Pallas GAW station. Boreal Environment Research, 8(4), 365-383.
Kilkki J., Aalto T., Hatakka J., Portin H., Laurila T. (2015) Atmospheric CO2 observations at Finnish urban and rural sites. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 227-242.
Lohila A., Penttilä T., Jortikka S., Aalto T., Anttila P., Asmi E., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Hellen H., Henttonen H., Hänninen P., Kilkki J., Kyllönen K., Laurila T., Lepistö A., Lihavainen H., Makkonen U., Paatero J., Rask M., Sutinen R., Tuovinen J-P., Vuorenmaa J., Viisanen Y. (2015) Preface to the special issue on integrated research of atmosphere, ecosystems and environment at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 431-454.
Sodankylä (GAW)
Measurements at Sodankylä are part of Pallas-Sodankylä GAW station of Finnish Meteorological Institute and Sodankylä Arctic Research Centre and include concentration and flux measurement at three different locations: Sodankylä Forest, Halssiaapa and Sodankylä observatory.
Sodankylä forest
The full ecosystem site Sodankylä is located in central Lapland close to the Arctic Research
Centre of FMI.
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Photos: Tuomas Laurila
| Station name | Sodankylä forest |
| Coordinates | N67°21.708' , E26°38.29' |
| Altitude (masl) | 179 |
| Ecosystem type | Scots pine forest; Uliginosum-Vaccinium-Empetrum (UVET) type |
| Networks |
ICOS Class I ecosystem site
|
| Station web-page (Sodankylä Arctic Research Centre) | |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Measurement period |
Coordinates |
| CO2-concentration | LI6262 | 2, 10, 23, 48 | 06/2012 → | x |
| CO2, CH4 and CO-concentrations | G2401 | 2, 23, 48 | 06/2012→ | x |
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI7000 + USA-1 | 22.5 | 06/1999 → | x |
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI7200 + USA-1 | 22.5 | 09/2012 → | N67°21.71', E26°38.59' |
| CO2-flux (EC, below-canopy) | LI7500 + USA-1 | 2 | 05/2006 → | x |
| CO2-flux (automatic chamber) | LI6262 | forest floor | 10/2000 → (growing season) | x |
| CO2-flux (manual chamber) | EGM-2 (PP System) | forest floor | 06/2003 → (growing season) | x |
| CO2-flux (automatic chamber) | LI840 (Li-Cor) | forest floor |
06/2010 → (growing season) |
x |
| Supporting observations | Air temperature + humidity, soil temperature, soil heat flux, soil moisture, PPFD, global radiation, albedo, net radiation, boundary layer Doppler-lidar. | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 7501 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | -0.4 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 527 |
| Average snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 75 |
| Median snow cover start date | Sep 26 |
| Median snow cover end date | May 14 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | Pinus sylvestris; forest floor: e.g. lichens, mosses and small shrubs |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | 12 |
| Max projected LAI | -1.2 |
| Soil type | Sandy Podzol |
| Stand volume m3 ha-1 | - |
| Tree density (ha-1) | 2100 |
| Tree age (years) | 60-160 |
References
Aurela M. (2005) Carbon dioxide exchange in subarctic ecosystems measured by a micrometeorological technique. PhD thesis. Contributions 51, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland, 132 pp.
Thum T., Aalto T., Laurila T., Aurela M., Lindroth A. & Vesala T. (2008) Assessing seasonality of boreal coniferous forest CO2 exchange by estimating biochemical model parameters from micrometeorological flux observations. Biogeosciences, 5,1625–1639.
Kilkki J., Aalto T., Hatakka J., Portin H., Laurila T. (2015) Atmospheric CO2 observations at Finnish urban and rural sites. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 227-242.
Köster, E., Köster, K., Aurela, M., Laurila, T., Berninger, F., Lohila, A. and Pumpanen, J. (2013) Impact of reindeer herding on vegetation biomass and soil carbon content: a case study from Sodankylä, Finland. Boreal Environment Research, 18 (Suppl. A), 35-42.
Halssiaapa
Halssiaapa is an open fen in the vicinity of the Sodankylä forest flux site. It is dominated
by large, treeless flarks with abundant sedge vegetation, complemented by fairly low and
narrow ridges with birch trees (of 5-7 m in height).
Photo: Tuomas Laurila
| Station name | Halssiaapa |
| Coordinates | N67°22.117' E26°39.244' |
| Altitude (masl) | 180 |
| Ecosystem type | Fen |
| Networks | CryoNet station of GCW |
| Station web-page (Sodankylä Arctic Research Centre) | |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates |
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI-7200 + USA-1 | 6.5 | 06/2012 → | x |
| CH4-flux (EC) | LGR | 6.5 | 06/2012 → | x |
| Supporting observations | Air temperature + humidity, soil temperature, soil heat flux, soil moisture, water level height, PPFD, global radiation, albedo, net radiation | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 7501 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | -0.4 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 527 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 75 |
| Median snow cover start date | Sep 26 |
| Median snow cover end date | May 14 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | Sedges, sphagnum mosses, shrubs |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | TBD in 2013 |
| Max projected LAI | TBD in 2013 |
| Soil type | Peat |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | TBD in 2013 |
| Tree density (ha-1) | TBD in 2013 |
| Tree age (years) | TBD in 2013 |
References
(2014) Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes and their regional scalability for the European Arctic wetlands during the MAMM project in summer 2012. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14, 13159-13174.
Dinsmore K.J., Drewer J., Levy P.E., George C., Lohila A., Aurela M. and Skiba U.M. (2016) Growing season CH4 and N2O fluxes from a sub-arctic landscape in northern Finland. Biogeosciences, accepted, doi:10.5194/bg-2016-238
Sodankylä observatory
Sodankylä FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) station has been operational from the beginning of 2009. The station is part of TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) network.
| Station name | Sodankylä observatory |
| Coordinates | N67° 22.02', E26°37.837' |
| Altitude (masl) | 180 |
| Ecosystem type | Scots pine forest; |
| Networks | |
| Station web-page (Sodankylä Arctic Research Centre) | |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
|
Atmospheric column CO2, CH4 and N2O |
TCCON FTIR |
x |
02/2009 → |
x |
|
Supporting observations |
Meteorology, satellite receiving station, snow properties etc |
|||
| Climate data point | LPNN 7501 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | -0.4 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 527 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 75 |
| Median snow cover start date | Sep 26 |
| Median snow cover end date | May 14 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | - |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | - |
| Max projected LAI | - |
| Soil type | - |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | - |
| Tree density (ha-1) | - |
| Tree age (years) | - |
References
Kivi R. and Heikkinen P. (2016) Fourier transform spectrometer measurements of column CO2 at Sodankylä, Finland. Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 271-279, doi:10.5194/gi-5-271-2016
Puijo
The Puijo station is a joint station of Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) and University of Kuopio
(Department of Physics). The Puijo station is part of Finnish Smear station network.
 |
 |
Photo: Harri Portin
| Station name |
Puijo |
| Coordinates | N62°54.564', E27°39.309' |
| Altitude (masl) | 230 |
| Ecosystem type | Semi-urban |
| Networks | Main ICOS atmospheric station |
| Station web-page (Puijo Observatory) | |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
|
CO2, CH4 and H2O- concentrations |
Picarro G2301 | 85 | 06/2011→ | x |
| Supporting observations | All basic weather parameters, O3, NOx and SO2- concentrations, aerosol particle number size distribution and optical properties, PM, cloud droplet number size distribution, boundary layer Doppler-lidar. | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 3601 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | 3.1 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 638 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 50 |
| Median snow cover start date | Nov 26 |
| Median snow cover end date | Apr 23 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type |
Picea abies; forest floor: e.g. mosses and small shrubs |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | - |
| Max projected LAI | - |
| Soil type | Moraine |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | - |
| Tree density (ha-1) | - |
| Tree age (years) | 200 (max. age) |
References
Kilkki J., Aalto T., Hatakka J., Portin H., Laurila T. (2015) Atmospheric CO2 observations at Finnish urban and rural sites. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 227-242.
Leskinen A., Portin H., Komppula M., Miettinen P., Arola A., Lihavainen H., Hatakka J., Laaksonen A. & Lehtinen K.E.J. (2009) Overview of the research activities and results at Puijo semi-urban measurement station. Boreal Environment Research, 14, 576–590.
Lettosuo
The supporting ecosystem site Lettosuo in Tammela was originally herb-rich tall sedge
birch-pine fen which was drained for forestry in the early 1970. Tree stand is dominated
by Scots pine and downy birch in the overstorey with a dense understorey of Norway spruce.
In spring 2016, large part of the forest was harvested by removing the pine trees
75% of the tree biomass). A new eddy covariance tower was established at a clear cut area,
ca. 1 km from the main tower. A control site with untouched trees was left to monitor
the forest floor GHG exchange with the automatic flux chambers.
See details of the harvest experiment.
 |
 |
Photo: Annalea Lohila
| Station name | Lettosuo |
| Coordinates | N60°38.510' E23°57.583' |
| Altitude (masl) | 111 |
| Ecosystem type | Scots pine forest with some spruce and birch; Vaccinium-myrtillus (MT) type |
| Networks | ICOS associate ecosystem site |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI7000 + USA-1 | 25.5 | 09/2009→ | x |
| CO2-flux (automatic chamber) | Picarro G1301 | Forest floor | 09/2010→ | x |
| CH4-flux (automatic chamber) | Picarro G1301 | Forest floor |
02/2011 - 12/2012 06/2015→ |
x |
| N2O-flux (automatic chamber) | Los Gatos N2OCO-23d | Forest floor | 05/2015→ | x |
| CO2-flux (manual chamber) | GASMET DX4015 | Forest floor |
06/2009 - 11/2011 06/2015 - 08/2017 |
x |
| CH4 and N2O -fluxes (manual chamber) | GASMET DX4015 | Forest floor |
06/2009 - 11/2011 06/2015 - 08/2017 |
x |
|
Supporting observations |
Air temperature + humidity, soil temperature, soil heat flux, soil moisture, PPFD, global radiation, albedo, net radiation, DIC and DOC in the discharge water | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 1201 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | 4.6 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 627 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 28 |
| Median snow cover start date | Dec 13 |
| Median snow cover end date | Apr 8 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type |
Pinus sylvestris, some undergrown Picea abies and Betula; forest floor: e.g. mosses and small shrubs After harvest: Picea abies and Betula |
| Mean vegetation height (m) |
20 (before harvest)
|
| Max projected LAI | - |
| Soil type | Peat; originally herb-rich tall sedge birch-pine fen |
| Stand volume (m3ha-1) | 230 (before harvest) |
| Tree density (ha-1) | 2200 (before harvest) |
| Tree age (years) | Varying, site has been drained in 1971 |
References
Korkiakoski, M., Tuovinen, J.-P., Penttilä, T., Sarkkola, S., Ojanen, P., Minkkinen, K., Rainne, J., Laurila, T. and Lohila, A. (2019): Greenhouse gas and energy fluxes in a boreal peatland forest after clearcutting, Biogeosciences, 16, 3703–3723, doi:10.5194/bg-2018-473.
Korkiakoski M., Tuovinen J-P., Aurela M., Koskinen M., Minkkinen K., Ojanen P., Penttilä T., Rainne J., Laurila T. and Lohila A. (2017): Methane exchange at the peatland forest floor - automatic chamber system exposes the dynamics of small fluxes, Biogeosciences, 14, 1947-1967.
Koskinen M., Minkkinen K., Ojanen P., Kämäräinen M., Laurila T. and Lohila A. (2014): Measurements of the CO2 exchange with an automated chamber system throughout the year: challenges in measuring the nighttime respiration in porous peat soil. Biogeosciences, 11, 347-363.
Linkosalmi M., Pumpanen J., Biasi C., Heinonsalo J., Laiho R., Lindén A., Palonen V., Laurila T. and Lohila A. (2015): Studying the impact of living roots on the decomposition of soil organic matter in two different forestry-drained peatlands. Plant and Soil, doi:10.1007/s11104-015-2584-4.
Tervalamminsuo
The site is a pristine, ombrotrophic bog typical of the flat bog complexes of the South-Western
part of Finland. The sparsely treed part to the west of the EC-mast represents the Sphagnum
fuscum bog type while the area to the east and south is classified as a ridge-hollow pine bog.
The bog is deep-peated and the surface layers are very poorly humified Sphagnum-peat. The
bog belongs to the Liesjärvi National Park.
Photo: Annalea Lohila (a 360° degree video clip of the surroundings, 05/2013, Maiju Linkosalmi)
| Station name | Tervalamminsuo |
| Coordinates | N60°38.74' , E23°58.40' |
| Altitude (masl) | 117 |
| Ecosystem type | Bog |
| Station characterization |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI7200 + USA-1 | 7 | 06/2012→ | x |
| CH4-flux (manual chamber) | GC | Ground | 07/2014 → | x |
| Supporting observations | Air temperature + humidity, soil temperature, soil heat flux, soil moisture, water level height, PPFD, global radiation, albedo, net radiation, long-wave radiation. | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 1201 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | 4.6 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 627 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 28 |
| Median snow cover start date | Dec 13 |
| Median snow cover end date | Apr 8 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | Pristine, ombrotrophic Sphagnum bog with sparse pine stand. |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | |
| Max projected LAI | - |
| Soil type | Peat |
| Stand volume (m3ha-1) | |
| Tree density (ha-1) | |
| Tree age (years) |
References
x
Kumpula
Kumpula observations are jointly operated by the Finnish Meteorological Institute and University of Helsinki. The observations at Kumpula are part of Finnish Smear network.
Photo: Lauri Laakso
| Station name | Kumpula |
| Coordinates | N60°12.233, E24°57.649' |
| Altitude (masl) | 26 |
| Ecosystem type | Urban park area |
| Station characterization |
Urban station on Kumpula campus area |
| Station web-page (Kumpula Smear III) | |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
|
CO2 and CH4 -concentrations |
Picarro G1301 | 30 |
02/2010 → |
N60°12.233, E24°57.649' |
| CO2-flux | LI7000, LI7500 and Metek USA-1 | 29 m |
01/2006 → |
N60°12.17, E24°57.671' |
| Supporting observations | Full range of meteorology, aerosol properties, aerosol chemistry and trace gases, weather radar, boundary layer Doppler-lidar etc. | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 304 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | 5.9 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 655 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 23 |
| Median snow cover start date | Dec 31 |
| Median snow cover end date | Apr 6 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | Urban park area |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | - |
| Max projected LAI | - |
| Soil type | - |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | - |
| Tree density (ha-1) | - |
| Tree age (years) | - |
References
Järvi, L. et al. The urban measurement station SMEAR III: Continuous monitoring of air pollution and surface-atmosphere interactions in Helsinki, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 14 (Suppl. A), 86–109, (2009).
Kilkki J., Aalto T., Hatakka J., Portin H., Laurila T. 2015. Atmospheric CO2 observations at Finnish urban and rural sites. Boreal Env. Res. 20, 227-242.
Vesala T. et al., Surface-atmosphere interactions over Complex urban terrain in Helsinki, Finland. Tellus 60B, 188, (2008).
Ämmässuo
Ämmässuo is a regional landfill located in the vicinity of Helsinki metropolitan area. The landfill is operated by the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council and receives all the municipal waste from five municipalities with a total population of around one million. In recent years almost 700 000 tons of waste per year have been delivered to the waste treatment centre. The landfill gases are partially recovered from the landfill and burned with an open flame.
Photo: Tuomas Laurila
| Station name | Ämmässuo |
| Coordinates |
N60°14.190, E24°32.063 |
| Altitude (masl) | 73 |
| Ecosystem type | Landfill |
| Station characterization | Landfill |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI7000 + USA-1 | 5 |
06/2003 → |
x |
| CH4-flux (EC) | LGR | 5 |
06/2003 → |
x |
| Supporting observations | Temperature, RH, Net radiation, soil temperature | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 301 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | 5.3 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 682 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 21 |
| Median snow cover start date | Dec 28 |
| Median snow cover end date | Apr 3 |
| Environment | Landfill |
| Vegetation type | |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | x |
| Max projected LAI | x |
| Soil type | x |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | x |
| Tree density (ha-1) | x |
| Tree age (years) | x |
References
Laurila T., Tuovinen J.-P., Lohila A., Hatakka J., Aurela M., Thum T., Pihlatie M., Rinne J., and Vesala T. 2005. Measuring methane emissions from a landfill using a cost-effective micrometeorological method. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L19808, doi:10.1029/2005GL023462
Rinne J., Pihlatie M., Lohila A., Thum T., Aurela M., Tuovinen J.P., Laurila T., and Vesala T. 2005. Nitrous oxide emissions from a municipal landfill. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 7790–7793.
Lohila A., Laurila T., Tuovinen J.-P., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Thum T., Pihlatie M., Rinne J., and Vesala T. 2007. Micrometeorological Measurements of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes at a Municipal Landfill. Environmental Science and Technology 41, 2717–2722. doi: 10.1021/es061631h
Utö
Utö atmospheric and marine research station has a wide range of greenhouse gas,
aerosol and marine observations on Utö Island at the outer edge of the Archipelago
Sea.
 |
 |
Photo: Juuso Rainne (please click here for a video clip showing the flux tower in 09/2012)
| Station name | Utö |
| Coordinates | N59° 47.034' , E21° 22.030' |
| Altitude (masl) | 8 |
| Ecosystem type | Outer archipelago |
| Station characterization | Main ICOS atmospheric station |
| Station web-page (Utö Atmospheric and Marine Research Station) | |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
|
CO2, CH4 and CO-concentrations |
Picarro G2401 | 56 | 04/2012→ |
N59° 47.034', |
| CO2-flux | Licor 7200 + Metek USA-1 | 8 m (13 m.a.s.l) | 09/2012→ |
N59° 46.926', E21° 21.406' |
| pCO2 | Sunburst SAMI2 | -5 m | 10/2012→ |
N59° 46.958', |
| Supporting observations | Meteorology, solar radiation, waves, sea ice cover, aerosol properties, boundary layer Doppler-lidar etc (link: a complete list of observations at Utö) | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 2 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | 6.5 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 549 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 8 |
| Median snow cover start date | Jan 23 |
| Median snow cover end date | Mar 15 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | Open rocky island with some shrubs and grass. |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | < 0.5 |
| Max projected LAI | x |
| Soil type | Rock and gravel |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | x |
| Tree density (ha-1) | x |
| Tree age (years) | x |
References
Hyvärinen A., Komppula M., Engler C., Kivekäs N., Kerminen V.-M., Dal Maso M., Viisanen Y. and Lihavainen H., Atmospheric new particle formation at Utö, Baltic Sea 2003–2005. Tellus 60B, 345-352, 2008.
Kilkki J., Aalto T., Hatakka J., Portin H., Laurila T. 2015. Atmospheric CO2 observations at Finnish urban and rural sites. Boreal Env. Res. 20, 227-242.
Tiksi
The Tiksi Hydrometeorological Observatory is located in the Russian far East at 71.6 N, 128.9.
The facility has been developed through a partnership between the National Science Foundation
(NSF), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Russian Federal
Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), and the Finnish
Meteorological Institute.
Photo: Tuomas Laurila
| Station name | Tiksi Observatory |
| Coordinates |
N71°35.791', E128°53.327' |
| Altitude (masl) | 19 |
| Ecosystem type | Tundra (permafrost) |
| Station characterization | |
| Station web-page (Hydrometeorological Observatory of Tiksi) | |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
|
CO2 and CH4 - concentrations |
LGR | 10 |
07/2010 → |
N71°35.791' E128°53.327' Altitude: 19 masl |
|
CO2-flux |
LI7000 | 3 |
07/2010 → |
N71°35.655' E128°53.270' Altitude: 7 masl |
| CH4-flux | LGR | 3 |
06/2011 → |
N71°35.655' E128°53.270' Altitude: 7 masl |
| Supporting observations | Meteorology, aerosol size distributions and properties, soil temperature and moisture | |||
| Average temperature (°C) | -12.7 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 323 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (cm) | - |
| Median snow cover start date | - |
| Median snow cover end date | - |
| Environment | Permafrost |
| Vegetation type | - |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | < 0.2 |
| Max projected LAI | - |
| Soil type | Peat/mineral soil |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | x |
| Tree density (ha-1) | x |
| Tree age (years) | x |
References
x
Cape Baranova
Research station "Ice base Cape Baranova" is in the very northern part of the Bolshevik island, which is part of the Northern Land. To the north is the Arctic Ocean and to the east Laptev Sea and to the west Shokalski strait leading to the Kara Sea. The station is operated by Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg.
The site is characterized by long polar night from 22 October to 22 February and polar day from April 22 to August 22. The climate is representative of the Arctic Ocean. The air temperature in the summer (June-August) is from 0° to 4°C. In winter (October-April) the temperature range is from -5° to -45° C. Station area is characterized by sustained winds of predominantly southerly direction at an average speed of 10-15 m/s. During the transition period, the wind speed can reach 50 m/s. Soil in the vicinity of the station is mostly composed from rocky shale. The depth of summer thawing does not exceed 30 - 40 cm.
Photo: Tuomas Laurila
| Station name | Ice base Cape Baranova |
| Coordinates |
N79°16.824', E101°37.053 |
| Altitude (masl) | 20 |
| Ecosystem type | Arctic semidesert |
| Station characterization |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2, CH4 and H2O- concentrations | Picarro G2401 | 10 | 10/2015 → | |
| Supporting observations | Meteorology, aerosol size distributions and optical properties, CO and SO2 concentration | |||
Welgegund
Welgegund measurement station is a comprehesive atmospheric measurement station approximately 100 km west of Johannesburg, South Africa. The station is owned and operated by the North-West University, Republic of South Africa, with support from University of Helsinki and Finnish Meteorological Institute.
Photo: Lauri Laakso (a 360° degree video clip of the surroundings, 12/2012)
| Station name | Welgegund |
| Coordinates | S26°34'10", E26°56'21" |
| Altitude (masl) | 1480 |
| Ecosystem type | Grazed grassland-savannah |
| Station characterization | Regional background site |
| Station web-page (Welgegund measurement station) | |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2-flux | Licor 7000 + USA-1 | 8 | 08/2010 → | |
| Supporting observations | Meteorology, trace gases, aerosol properties, solar radiation, albedo, soil moisture and temperatures (link: full list of observations). | |||
| Average Temperature | - |
| Annual precipitation | - |
| Environment | Grazed grassland savannah |
| Vegetation type | Grazed grassland savannah |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | 5 |
| Max projected LAI | - |
| Soil type | Sandy tilt |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | - |
| Tree density (ha-1) | - |
| Tree age (years) | - |
References
x
Marambio
Photo: Eija Asmi (see also a 360° degree video clip of the surroundings, 02/2013)
Base Antártica Marambio is the main Argentine base in Antarctica, and it is located in Seymour-Marambio Island. Finnish meteorological institute supports the measurements at the base by diverse meteorological and atmospheric observations.
| Station name | Marambio |
| Coordinates | S64°15', W56°38' |
| Altitude (masl) | 198 |
| Ecosystem type | Permafrost |
| Station characterization | - |
| Station information in Wikipedia | |
| Parameter | Instrument |
Measurement height (m) |
Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2, CH4 and H2O -concentrations |
Picarro G2301 |
8 m | 2013/02 → | x |
| Supporting observations | Basic meteorology, aerosol size distributions, optical properties and chemistry (filter samples), ozone concentration, UV radiation and UV albedo, UV and ozone in total column, ozone soundings. | |||
| Average Temperature (°C) | -8.9°C |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 707 mm |
| Average snow depth | - |
| Environment | Marine Antarctic |
| Vegetation type | x |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | x |
| Max projected LAI | x |
| Soil type | - |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | x |
| Tree density (ha-1) | x |
| Tree age (years) | x |
References
x
Previous measurement sites
Kalevansuo
The site was originally classified as a dwarf-shrub pine bog, and was drained in 1969 to
enhance tree growth. The tree stand consists of a dominant Scots pine stand and an
understorey of pubescent birch trees.
Photo: Tuomas Laurila
Basic information
|
Station name |
Kalevansuo |
|
Coordinates |
N60°38.81', E24°21.37' |
|
Altitude (masl) |
123 |
|
Ecosystem type |
Scots pine forest with some birch and small spruce in the gaps. |
|
Networks |
|
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2-flux | LI7000 + USA-1 | 21.5 | 09/2004-04/2009 | x |
| CO2-flux (automatic chamber) | LI840 (Licor) | Forest floor | 09/2010 - | x |
| CO2-flux (manual chamber) | EGM-4 (PP-system) | Forest floor | 08/2004 - 12/2005 | x |
| CH4 and N2O-fluxes (manual chamber) | GC | Forest floor | 08/2004 - 12/2005 | x |
| Supporting observations | Air temperature + humidity, soil temperature, soil heat flux, soil moisture, PPFD, global radiation, albedo, net radiation | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 1302 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | 4.6 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 660 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 31 |
| Median snow cover start date | Dec 10 |
| Median snow cover end date | Apr 11 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type |
Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies L., Betula pubescens Roth. Forest floor: forest and mire dwarf shrubs mixed with some cottongrass and cloudberry. |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | 18 |
| Max projected LAI | 1.5 |
| Soil type | Peat; originally herb-rich tall sedge birch-pine fen |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | 130 |
| Tree density (ha-1) | 1700 |
| Tree age (years) | Varying, site has been drained in 1969 |
References
Badorek T., Tuittila E.-S., Ojanen P. and Minkkinen K. 2011. Forest floor photosynthesis and respiration in a drained peatland forest in southern Finland. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 4, 2-3, 227-241.
Koskinen M., Minkkinen K., Ojanen P., Kämäräinen M., Laurila T. and Lohila A. 2014. Measurements of the CO2 exchange with an automated chamber system throughout the year: challenges in measuring the nighttime respiration in porous peat soil. Biogeosciences, 11, 347-363.
Linkosalmi M., Pumpanen J., Biasi C., Heinonsalo J., Laiho R., Lindén A., Palonen V., Laurila T. and Lohila A. 2015. Studying the impact of living roots on the decomposition of soil organic matter in two different forestry-drained peatlands. Plant and Soil, doi:10.1007/s11104-015-2584-4.
Lohila A., Minkkinen K., Aurela M., Tuovinen J.-P., Penttilä T., Ojanen P. and Laurila T. 2011. Greenhouse gas flux measurements in a forestry-drained peatland indicate a large carbon sink. Biogeosciences 8, 3203–3218, doi:10.5194/bg-8-3203-2011.
Ojanen P., Minkkinen K., Lohila A., Badorek T. and Penttilä T. 2012. Chamber measured soil respiration: A useful tool for estimating the carbon balance of peatland forest soils? Forest Ecology and Management 277, 132–140, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.027.
Petrescu A.M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Baldocchi D.D., Desai A.R., Roulet N.T., Vesala T., Dolman A.J., Oechel W.C., Marcolla B., Friborg T., Rinne J., Matthes J.H., Merbold L., Meijide A., Kiely G., Sottocornola M., Sachs T., Zona D., Varlagin A., Lai D.Y., Veenendaal E., Parmentier F.W., Skiba U., Lund M., Hensen A., Huissteden J.V., Flanagan L.B., Shurpali N.J., Grunwald T., Humphreys E.R., Jackowicz-Korczynski M., Aurela M., Laurila T., Gruning C., Corradi C.A., Schrier-Uijl A.P., Christensen T.R., Tamstorf M.P., Mastepanov M., Martikainen P.J., Verma S.B., Bernhofer C., Cescatti A. 2015. The uncertain climate footprint of wetlands under human pressure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 112 p. 4594-4599. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416267112.
Pihlatie M., Kiese R., Brüggemann N., Butterbach-Bahl K., Kieloaho A.-J., Laurila T., Lohila A., Mammarella I., Minkkinen K., Penttilä T., Schönborn J. and Vesala T. 2010. Greenhouse gas fluxes in a drained peatland forest. Biogeosciences 7, 1715–1727. doi:10.5194/bg-7-1715-2010.
Alkkia
The site was originally a Sphagnum fuscum bog which was drained by ditching and taken
for agriculture in the end for 1930's. At that time, a mineral soil admixture was introduced
into the soil to improve it for cultivation. The site was afforested with Scots pine in 1971.
Photo: Tuomas Laurila
| Station name | Alkkia |
| Coordinates | N62°11.002' E22°47.054' |
| Altitude (masl) | 158 |
| Ecosystem type | Scots pine forest |
| Networks | - |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
| CO2-flux | LI7000 + ATI SWS211 | 18 | 08/2002 -09/2004 | x |
| CO2-flux | Manual opaque chamber + EGM | Forest floor | 04/2003-03/2005 | x |
| CH4 and N2O- flux | Manual opaque chamber + GC | Forest floor | 04/2003-03/2005 | x |
| Supporting observations | Air temperature + humidity, soil temperature, soil heat flux, soil moisture, ground water level, PPFD, global radiation, net radiation | |||
| Climate data point | LPNN 2101 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | 4.1 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 681 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (cm) | 44 |
| Median snow cover start date | Dec 11 |
| Median snow cover end date | Apr 19 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | Mainly Pinus sylvestris, some Betula bendula and B. pubescens; forest floor: e.g. Rubus idaeus, Epilobium angustifolium, Urtica dioica… |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | 12.1 |
| Max projected LAI | Forest canopy 1.6, forest floor 2.0 |
| Soil type | Peat, amended with a mineral soil admixture. |
| Stand volume (m3 ha-1) | 126 |
| Tree density (ha-1) | 977 |
| Tree age (years) | 30 |
References
Lohila A., Laurila T., Aro L., Aurela M., Tuovinen J.-P., Laine J., Kolari P. and Minkkinen K. 2007. Carbon dioxide exchange above a 30-year-old Scots pine plantation established on organic-soil cropland. Boreal Environment Research 12, 141–157.
Mäkiranta P., Hytönen J., Aro L., Maljanen M., Pihlatie M., Potila H., Shurpali N. J., Laine J., Lohila A., Martikainen P. J. and Minkkinen K. 2007. Soil greenhouse gas emissions from afforested organic soil croplands and cutaway peatlands. Boreal Environment Research 12, 159–175.
Jokioinen
An agricultural peat field in the south-western Finland, which has been drained for more
than 100 years ago. Due to the decomposition and subsidence of peat, the depth of the
peat layer is currently only about 50 cm. The subsurface drainage ditches keep the water
level at about one meter below the soil surface.
Photo: Annalea Lohila
| Station name | Jokioinen |
| Coordinates | N60°53.93' , E23°30.86' |
| Altitude (masl) | 104 |
| Ecosystem type | Agricultural field |
| Networks | - |
| Parameter | Instrument | Measurement height (m) | Period |
Coordinates (if specific) |
|
| CO2-flux (EC) | LI6262 + SWS211 | 3 | 02/2000- 08/2003x | x | |
| CH4 and N2O-flux (manual chamber) | GC | Ground | 09/1999-08/2002 | x | |
| CO2-flux (manual chamber) | LI-6262 | Ground |
2000-2002 (growing seasons) |
x | |
| Supporting observations | Air temperature + humidity, soil temperature, soil heat flux, soil moisture, PPFD, global radiation, albedo, net radiation | ||||
| Climate data point | LPNN 1201 (1981-2010) |
| Average temperature (°C) | 4.6 |
| Annual precipitation (mm) | 627 |
| Snow depth at mid-March (1981-2010) (cm) | 28 |
| Median snow cover start date | Dec 13 |
| Median snow cover end date | Apr 8 |
| Environment | |
| Vegetation type | Mixed cereals May - Oct 2000, bare soil Oct 2000-May 2001, Spring barley May-September 2001, under-sown grass since that. |
| Mean vegetation height (m) | 1 (maximum height) |
| Max projected LAI | 5.9 |
| Soil type | Peat; originally herb-rich tall sedge birch-pine fen |
|
Stand volume (m3 ha-1) |
x |
| Tree density (ha-1) | x |
| Tree age (years) | x |
References
Lohila A., Aurela M., Regina K., and Laurila T. 2003. Soil and total ecosystem respiration in agricultural fields: effect of soil and crop type. Plant and Soil 251, 303–317.
Lohila A., Aurela M., Tuovinen J.-P., and Laurila T. 2004. Annual CO2 exchange of a peat field growing spring barley or perennial forage grass. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D18116, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004715.
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