Currently operational sites

Kaamanen

Kaamanen is a mesotrophic flark fen in northern Finland.

References

Aurela M., Laurila T. and Tuovinen J.-P. (2002) Annual CO₂ balance of a subarctic fen in northern Europe:
Importance of the wintertime efflux, Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D21), 4607,
doi:10.1029/2002JD002055.

Aurela M., Laurila T. and Tuovinen J.-P. (2004) The timing of snow melt controls the annual CO₂ balance
in a subarctic fen. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L16119, doi:10.1029/2004GL020315.

Maanavilja L., Riutta T., Aurela M., Pulkkinen M., Laurila T., and Tuittila E.-S. 2010. Spatial variation in CO₂
exchange at a northern aapa mire. Biogeochemistry, 104 (1–3), 325–345. doi:10.1007/s10533-010-9505-7.

 

Pallas (GAW)

Measurements at Pallas Atmosphere-Ecosystem Supersite include four different GHG measurement
locations, Kenttärova, Lompolojänkkä, Pallaslompolonniemi and Sammaltunturi, described below.
Kenttärova and Lompolojänkkä are part of the same 42-ha catchment, and the surface water move
nutrients within the catchment from Kenttärova to Lompolojänkkä and finally into the Lake Pallasjärvi
(close to the flux measurement station Pallaslompolonniemi). Pallas is a northern node of Pallas-Sodankylä
GAW station of Finnish Meteorological Institute, the other node being located in Sodankylä Arctic Research Centre.

Kenttärova

The supporting ecosystem site Kenttärova is situated near to the northern border of the boreal
vegetation zone on a hill that is circa 60 m above surrounding planes.

References

Aurela M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Hatakka J., Penttilä T., Laurila T. (2015) Carbon dioxide and energy flux
measurements in four northern-boreal ecosystems at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 455-473.

Hatakka J., Aalto T., Aaltonen V., Aurela M., Hakola H., Komppula M., Laurila T., Lihavainen H., Paatero J.,
Salminen K. and Viisanen Y. (2003). Overview of the atmospheric research activities and results at Pallas GAW
station. Boreal Environment Research, 8(4), 365-383.

Lohila A., Penttilä T., Jortikka S., Aalto T., Anttila P., Asmi E., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Hellen H., Henttonen H.,
Hänninen P., Kilkki J., Kyllönen K., Laurila T., Lepistö A., Lihavainen H., Makkonen U., Paatero J., Rask M.,
Sutinen R., Tuovinen J-P., Vuorenmaa J., Viisanen Y. (2015) Preface to the special issue on integrated
research of atmosphere, ecosystems and environment at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 431-454.

Lompolojänkkä

The supporting ecosystem site Lompolojänkkä is an open, nutrient-rich sedge fen located in
north-western Finland.

References

Aurela M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J.-P., Hatakka J., Riutta T., and Laurila T. (2009) Carbon dioxide exchange
on a northern boreal fen. Boreal Environment Research 14, 699–710.

Aurela M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Hatakka J., Penttilä T., Laurila T. (2015) Carbon dioxide and energy
flux measurements in four northern-boreal ecosystems at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 455-473.

Drewer J., Lohila A., Aurela M., Laurila T., Minkkinen K., Penttilä T., Dinsmore K.J., McKenzie R., Helfter C.,
Flechard C., Sutton M.A., and Skiba U.M. (2010) Comparison of greenhouse gas fluxes and nitrogen budgets
from an ombrotrophic bog in Scotland and a minerotrophic sedge fen in Finland. European Journal of Soil Science,
61, 640–650. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01267.x.

Lohila A., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Pihlatie M., Minkkinen K., Penttilä T., and Laurila T. (2010) Responses of N₂O
fluxes to temperature, water table and N deposition in a northern boreal fen. European Journal of Soil Science,
61, 651–661, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01265.x.

Lohila A., Penttilä T., Jortikka S., Aalto T., Anttila P., Asmi E., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Hellen H., Henttonen H.,
Hänninen P., Kilkki J., Kyllönen K., Laurila T., Lepistö A., Lihavainen H., Makkonen U., Paatero J., Rask M.,
Sutinen R., Tuovinen J-P., Vuorenmaa J., Viisanen Y. (2015) Preface to the special issue on integrated research
of atmosphere, ecosystems and environment at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 431-454.

Mathijssen P., Tuovinen J.-P., Lohila A., Aurela M., Juutinen S., Laurila T., Niemelä E., Tuittila E.-S., and
Väliranta M. (2014) Development, carbon accumulation, and radiative forcing of a subarctic fen over the Holocene.
The Holocene, 24, 1021-1027, DOI: 10.1177/095968361453807.

Metzger C., Jansson P.-E., Lohila A., Aurela M., Eickenscheidt T., Belelli-Marchesini L., Dinsmore K., Drewer J.,
van Huissteden J. and Drösler M. (2015) CO₂ flux and ecosystem dynamics at five European treeless peatlands
– Merging data and process oriented modelling. Biogeosciences, 12, 125–146.

Petrescu A.M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Baldocchi D.D., Desai A.R., Roulet N.T., Vesala T., Dolman A.J., Oechel W.C.,
Marcolla B., Friborg T., Rinne J., Matthes J.H., Merbold L., Meijide A., Kiely G., Sottocornola M., Sachs T., Zona D.,
Varlagin A., Lai D.Y., Veenendaal E., Parmentier F.W., Skiba U., Lund M., Hensen A., Huissteden J.V., Flanagan L.B.,
Shurpali N.J., Grunwald T., Humphreys E.R., Jackowicz-Korczynski M., Aurela M., Laurila T., Gruning C., Corradi C.A.,
Schrier-Uijl A.P., Christensen T.R., Tamstorf M.P., Mastepanov M., Martikainen P.J., Verma S.B., Bernhofer C., Cescatti A.
(2015) The uncertain climate footprint of wetlands under human pressure. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 112, 4594-4599. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416267112

Raivonen M., Mäkiranta P., Lohila A., Juutinen S., Vesala T. and Tuittila E.-S. (2015) A simple CO₂ exchange
model simulates the seasonal leaf area development of peatland sedges. Ecological modelling, 312, 32–43.

Pallaslompolonniemi

The Lake Pallasjärvi is located north of Arctic Circle and is a northern-boreal headwater lake with a size of 17.3 km².
It is a clear-water, low-productive, oligotrophic lake and its almost-pristine catchment area consists mainly of
coniferous forests, open and treed mires and treeless tundra fells. The mean and maximum depth of the lake is 9 and
36 m, respectively.

References

Aurela M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Hatakka J., Penttilä T., Laurila T. (2015) Carbon dioxide and energy flux measurements in four northern-boreal ecosystems at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 455-473.

Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Hatakka J., Aurela M., Vuorenmaa J., Haakana M., Laurila T. (2015) Carbon dioxide and energy fluxes over a northern boreal lake. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 474-488.

Lohila A., Penttilä T., Jortikka S., Aalto T., Anttila P., Asmi E., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Hellen H., Henttonen H., Hänninen P., Kilkki J., Kyllönen K., Laurila T., Lepistö A., Lihavainen H., Makkonen U., Paatero J., Rask M., Sutinen R., Tuovinen J-P., Vuorenmaa J., Viisanen Y. (2015) Preface to the special issue on integrated research of atmosphere, ecosystems and environment at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 431-454.

Kuha J., Arvola L., Hanson P.C., Huotari J., Huttula T., Juntunen J., Järvinen M., Kallio K., Ketola M., Kuoppamäki K., Lepistö A., Lohila A., Paavola R., Vuorenmaa J., Winslow L. and Karjalainen J. (2016) Response of boreal lakes to episodic weather-induced events. Inland waters, 6, 523–534, doi: 10.5268/IW-6.4.886

Sammaltunturi

Sammaltunturi station is on top of a sub-arctic hill, ca. 100 m above the treeline. The vegetation
on hill top is sparse, consisting mainly of low vascular plants, moss and lichen. Sammaltunturi is
one of the main observatories of Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) of World Meteorological Organization.
  

Basic information

References

Aalto T., Hatakka J., Karstens U., Aurela M., Thum T., and Lohila A. (2006) Modeling atmospheric CO₂ concentration profiles and fluxes above sloping terrain at a boreal site. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 303–314.

Aalto T., Hatakka J., Kouznetsov R., Stanislawska K. (2015) Background and anthropogenic influences on atmospheric CO₂ concentrations measured at Pallas: Comparison of two models for tracing air mass history. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 213-226.

Aurela M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Hatakka J., Penttilä T., Laurila T. (2015) Carbon dioxide and energy flux measurements in four northern-boreal ecosystems at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 455-473.

Hatakka J., Aalto T., Aaltonen V., Aurela M., Hakola H., Komppula M., Laurila T., Lihavainen H., Paatero J., Salminen K. and Viisanen Y. (2003) Overview of the atmospheric research activities and results at Pallas GAW station. Boreal Environment Research, 8(4), 365-383.

Kilkki J., Aalto T., Hatakka J., Portin H., Laurila T. (2015) Atmospheric CO₂ observations at Finnish urban and rural sites. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 227-242.

Lohila A., Penttilä T., Jortikka S., Aalto T., Anttila P., Asmi E., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Hellen H., Henttonen H., Hänninen P., Kilkki J., Kyllönen K., Laurila T., Lepistö A., Lihavainen H., Makkonen U., Paatero J., Rask M., Sutinen R., Tuovinen J-P., Vuorenmaa J., Viisanen Y. (2015) Preface to the special issue on integrated research of atmosphere, ecosystems and environment at Pallas. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 431-454.

Sodankylä (GAW)

Measurements at Sodankylä are part of Pallas-Sodankylä GAW station of Finnish Meteorological Institute and Sodankylä Arctic Research Centre and include concentration and flux measurement at three different locations: Sodankylä Forest, Halssiaapa and Sodankylä observatory.

Sodankylä forest

The full ecosystem site Sodankylä is located in central Lapland close to the Arctic Research
Centre of FMI.

References

Aurela M. (2005) Carbon dioxide exchange in subarctic ecosystems measured by a micrometeorological technique. PhD thesis. Contributions 51, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland, 132 pp.

Thum T., Aalto T., Laurila T., Aurela M., Lindroth A. & Vesala T. (2008) Assessing seasonality of boreal coniferous forest CO₂ exchange by estimating biochemical model parameters from micrometeorological flux observations. Biogeosciences, 5,1625–1639.

Kilkki J., Aalto T., Hatakka J., Portin H., Laurila T. (2015) Atmospheric CO₂ observations at Finnish urban and rural sites. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 227-242.

Köster, E., Köster, K., Aurela, M., Laurila, T., Berninger, F., Lohila, A. and Pumpanen, J. (2013) Impact of reindeer herding on vegetation biomass and soil carbon content: a case study from Sodankylä, Finland. Boreal Environment Research, 18 (Suppl. A), 35-42.
 

Halssiaapa

Halssiaapa is an open fen in the vicinity of the Sodankylä forest flux site. It is dominated
by large, treeless flarks with abundant sedge vegetation, complemented by fairly low and
narrow ridges with birch trees (of 5-7 m in height).

References

O'Shea S.J., Allen G., Gallagher M.W., Bower K., Illingworth S.M., Muller J.B.A., Jones B.T., Percival C.J., Bauguitte S.J-B., Cain M., Warwick N., Quiquet A., Skiba U., Drewer J., Dinsmore K., Nisbet E.G., Lowry D., Fisher R.E., France J.L., Aurela M., Lohila A., Hayman G., George C., Clark D.B., Manning A.J., Friend A.D., and Pyle J. (2014) Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes and their regional scalability for the European Arctic wetlands during the MAMM project in summer 2012. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14, 13159-13174.

Dinsmore K.J., Drewer J., Levy P.E., George C., Lohila A., Aurela M. and Skiba U.M. (2016) Growing season CH₄ and N₂O fluxes from a sub-arctic landscape in northern Finland. Biogeosciences, accepted, doi:10.5194/bg-2016-238

Sodankylä observatory

Sodankylä FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) station has been operational from the beginning of 2009. The station is part of TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) network.

 References

Kivi R. and Heikkinen P. (2016) Fourier transform spectrometer measurements of column CO₂ at Sodankylä, Finland. Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 271-279, doi:10.5194/gi-5-271-2016

Puijo

The Puijo station is a joint station of Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) and University of Kuopio
(Department of Physics). The Puijo station is part of Finnish Smear station network.

References

Kilkki J., Aalto T., Hatakka J., Portin H., Laurila T. (2015) Atmospheric CO₂ observations at Finnish urban and rural sites. Boreal Environment Research, 20, 227-242.

Leskinen A., Portin H., Komppula M., Miettinen P., Arola A., Lihavainen H., Hatakka J., Laaksonen A. & Lehtinen K.E.J. (2009) Overview of the research activities and results at Puijo semi-urban measurement station. Boreal Environment Research, 14, 576–590.

Lettosuo

The supporting ecosystem site Lettosuo in Tammela was originally herb-rich tall sedge
birch-pine fen which was drained for forestry in the early 1970. Tree stand is dominated
by Scots pine and downy birch in the overstorey with a dense understorey of Norway spruce.

In spring 2016, large part of the forest was harvested by removing the pine trees
75% of the tree biomass). A new eddy covariance tower was established at a clear cut area,
ca. 1 km from the main tower. A control site with untouched trees was left to monitor
the forest floor GHG exchange with the automatic flux chambers.

See details of the harvest experiment.

References

Korkiakoski M., Tuovinen J-P., Aurela M., Koskinen M., Minkkinen K., Ojanen P., Penttilä T., Rainne J., Laurila T. and Lohila A. (2017) Methane exchange at the peatland forest floor - automatic chamber system exposes the dynamics of small fluxes, Biogeosciences, 14, 1947-1967.

Koskinen M., Minkkinen K., Ojanen P., Kämäräinen M., Laurila T. and Lohila A. (2014) Measurements of the CO₂ exchange with an automated chamber system throughout the year: challenges in measuring the nighttime respiration in porous peat soil. Biogeosciences, 11, 347-363.

Linkosalmi M., Pumpanen J., Biasi C., Heinonsalo J., Laiho R., Lindén A., Palonen V., Laurila T. and Lohila A. (2015) Studying the impact of living roots on the decomposition of soil organic matter in two different forestry-drained peatlands. Plant and Soil, doi:10.1007/s11104-015-2584-4.

Tervalamminsuo

The site is a pristine, ombrotrophic bog typical of the flat bog complexes of the South-Western
part of Finland. The sparsely treed part to the west of the EC-mast represents the Sphagnum
fuscum bog type while the area to the east and south is classified as a ridge-hollow pine bog.
The bog is deep-peated and the surface layers are very poorly humified Sphagnum-peat. The
bog belongs to the Liesjärvi National Park.

References

 x

Kumpula

Kumpula observations are jointly operated by the Finnish Meteorological Institute and University of Helsinki. The observations at Kumpula are part of Finnish Smear network.

References

Järvi, L. et al. The urban measurement station SMEAR III: Continuous monitoring of air pollution and surface-atmosphere interactions in Helsinki, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 14 (Suppl. A), 86–109, (2009).

Kilkki J., Aalto T., Hatakka J., Portin H., Laurila T. 2015. Atmospheric CO2 observations at Finnish urban and rural sites. Boreal Env. Res. 20, 227-242.

Vesala T. et al., Surface-atmosphere interactions over Complex urban terrain in Helsinki, Finland. Tellus 60B, 188, (2008).

Ämmässuo

Ämmässuo is a regional landfill located in the vicinity of Helsinki metropolitan area. The landfill is operated by the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council and receives all the municipal waste from five municipalities with a total population of around one million. In recent years almost 700 000 tons of waste per year have been delivered to the waste treatment centre. The landfill gases are partially recovered from the landfill and burned with an open flame.

References

Laurila T., Tuovinen J.-P., Lohila A., Hatakka J., Aurela M., Thum T., Pihlatie M., Rinne J., and Vesala T. 2005. Measuring methane emissions from a landfill using a cost-effective micrometeorological method. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L19808, doi:10.1029/2005GL023462

Rinne J., Pihlatie M., Lohila A., Thum T., Aurela M., Tuovinen J.P., Laurila T., and Vesala T. 2005. Nitrous oxide emissions from a municipal landfill. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 7790–7793.

Lohila A., Laurila T., Tuovinen J.-P., Aurela M., Hatakka J., Thum T., Pihlatie M., Rinne J., and Vesala T. 2007. Micrometeorological Measurements of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes at a Municipal Landfill. Environmental Science and Technology 41, 2717–2722. doi: 10.1021/es061631h

Utö

Utö atmospheric and marine research station has a wide range of greenhouse gas,
aerosol and marine observations on Utö Island at the outer edge of the Archipelago
Sea.

Some information on characteristics of Baltic Sea can be found from the web-page of
ICOS-Finland science workshop held at Utö in April 2012.

References

Hyvärinen A., Komppula M., Engler C., Kivekäs N., Kerminen V.-M., Dal Maso M., Viisanen Y. and Lihavainen H., Atmospheric new particle formation at Utö, Baltic Sea 2003–2005. Tellus 60B, 345-352, 2008.

Kilkki J., Aalto T., Hatakka J., Portin H., Laurila T. 2015. Atmospheric CO2 observations at Finnish urban and rural sites. Boreal Env. Res. 20, 227-242.
 

Tiksi

The Tiksi Hydrometeorological Observatory is located in the Russian far East at 71.6 N, 128.9.
The facility has been developed through a partnership between the National Science Foundation
(NSF), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Russian Federal
Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), and the Finnish
Meteorological Institute.

References

 x

Cape Baranova

Research station "Ice base Cape Baranova" is in the very northern part of the Bolshevik island, which is part of the Northern Land. To the north is the Arctic Ocean and to the east Laptev Sea and to the west Shokalski strait leading to the Kara Sea. The station is operated by Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg.

The site is characterized by long polar night from 22 October to 22 February and polar day from April 22 to August 22. The climate is representative of the Arctic Ocean. The air temperature in the summer (June-August) is from 0° to 4°C. In winter (October-April) the temperature range is from -5° to -45° C. Station area is characterized by sustained winds of predominantly southerly direction at an average speed of 10-15 m/s. During the transition period, the wind speed can reach 50 m/s. Soil in the vicinity of the station is mostly composed from rocky shale. The depth of summer thawing does not exceed 30 - 40 cm.

Welgegund

Welgegund measurement station is a comprehesive atmospheric measurement station approximately 100 km west of Johannesburg, South Africa. The station is owned and operated by the North-West University, Republic of South Africa, with support from University of Helsinki and Finnish Meteorological Institute.

References

 x

Marambio

Photo: Eija Asmi (see also a 360° degree video clip of the surroundings, 02/2013)

Base Antártica Marambio is the main Argentine base in Antarctica, and it is located in Seymour-Marambio Island. Finnish meteorological institute supports the measurements at the base by diverse meteorological  and atmospheric observations.

References

  x

Previous measurement sites

Kalevansuo

The site was originally classified as a dwarf-shrub pine bog, and was drained in 1969 to
enhance tree growth. The tree stand consists of a dominant Scots pine stand and an
understorey of pubescent birch trees.

References

Badorek T., Tuittila E.-S., Ojanen P. and Minkkinen K. 2011. Forest floor photosynthesis and respiration in a drained peatland forest in southern Finland. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 4, 2-3, 227-241.

Koskinen M., Minkkinen K., Ojanen P., Kämäräinen M., Laurila T. and Lohila A. 2014. Measurements of the CO₂ exchange with an automated chamber system throughout the year: challenges in measuring the nighttime respiration in porous peat soil. Biogeosciences, 11, 347-363.

Linkosalmi M., Pumpanen J., Biasi C., Heinonsalo J., Laiho R., Lindén A., Palonen V., Laurila T. and Lohila A. 2015. Studying the impact of living roots on the decomposition of soil organic matter in two different forestry-drained peatlands. Plant and Soil, doi:10.1007/s11104-015-2584-4.

Lohila A., Minkkinen K., Aurela M., Tuovinen J.-P., Penttilä T., Ojanen P. and Laurila T. 2011. Greenhouse gas flux measurements in a forestry-drained peatland indicate a large carbon sink. Biogeosciences 8, 3203–3218, doi:10.5194/bg-8-3203-2011.

Ojanen P., Minkkinen K., Lohila A., Badorek T. and Penttilä T. 2012. Chamber measured soil respiration: A useful tool for estimating the carbon balance of peatland forest soils? Forest Ecology and Management 277, 132–140, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.027.

Petrescu A.M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Baldocchi D.D., Desai A.R., Roulet N.T., Vesala T., Dolman A.J., Oechel W.C., Marcolla B., Friborg T., Rinne J., Matthes J.H., Merbold L., Meijide A., Kiely G., Sottocornola M., Sachs T., Zona D., Varlagin A., Lai D.Y., Veenendaal E., Parmentier F.W., Skiba U., Lund M., Hensen A., Huissteden J.V., Flanagan L.B., Shurpali N.J., Grunwald T., Humphreys E.R., Jackowicz-Korczynski M., Aurela M., Laurila T., Gruning C., Corradi C.A., Schrier-Uijl A.P., Christensen T.R., Tamstorf M.P., Mastepanov M., Martikainen P.J., Verma S.B., Bernhofer C., Cescatti A. 2015. The uncertain climate footprint of wetlands under human pressure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 112 p. 4594-4599. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416267112.

Pihlatie M., Kiese R., Brüggemann N., Butterbach-Bahl K., Kieloaho A.-J., Laurila T., Lohila A., Mammarella I., Minkkinen K., Penttilä T., Schönborn J. and Vesala T. 2010. Greenhouse gas fluxes in a drained peatland forest. Biogeosciences 7, 1715–1727. doi:10.5194/bg-7-1715-2010.

Alkkia

The site was originally a Sphagnum fuscum bog which was drained by ditching and taken
for agriculture in the end for 1930's. At that time, a mineral soil admixture was introduced
into the soil to improve it for cultivation. The site was afforested with Scots pine in 1971.

References

Lohila A., Laurila T., Aro L., Aurela M., Tuovinen J.-P., Laine J., Kolari P. and Minkkinen K. 2007. Carbon dioxide exchange above a 30-year-old Scots pine plantation established on organic-soil cropland. Boreal Environment Research 12, 141–157.

Mäkiranta P., Hytönen J., Aro L., Maljanen M., Pihlatie M., Potila H., Shurpali N. J., Laine J., Lohila A., Martikainen P. J. and Minkkinen K. 2007. Soil greenhouse gas emissions from afforested organic soil croplands and cutaway peatlands. Boreal Environment Research 12, 159–175.

Jokioinen

An agricultural peat field in the south-western Finland, which has been drained for more
than 100 years ago. Due to the decomposition and subsidence of peat, the depth of the
peat layer is currently only about 50 cm. The subsurface drainage ditches keep the water
level at about one meter below the soil surface.

References

Lohila A., Aurela M., Regina K., and Laurila T. 2003. Soil and total ecosystem respiration in agricultural fields: effect of soil and crop type. Plant and Soil 251, 303–317.

Lohila A., Aurela M., Tuovinen J.-P., and Laurila T. 2004. Annual CO₂ exchange of a peat field growing spring barley or perennial forage grass. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D18116, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004715.

Lohila A. Aurela M., Regina K., Tuovinen J.-P., and Laurila T. 2007. Wintertime CO₂ exchange in a boreal agricultural peat soil. Tellus 59B, 860–873. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00314.x

Petrescu A.M., Lohila A., Tuovinen J-P., Baldocchi D.D., Desai A.R., Roulet N.T., Vesala T., Dolman A.J., Oechel W.C., Marcolla B., Friborg T., Rinne J., Matthes J.H., Merbold L., Meijide A., Kiely G., Sottocornola M., Sachs T., Zona D., Varlagin A., Lai D.Y., Veenendaal E., Parmentier F.W., Skiba U., Lund M., Hensen A., Huissteden J.V., Flanagan L.B., Shurpali N.J., Grunwald T., Humphreys E.R., Jackowicz-Korczynski M., Aurela M., Laurila T., Gruning C., Corradi C.A., Schrier-Uijl A.P., Christensen T.R., Tamstorf M.P., Mastepanov M., Martikainen P.J., Verma S.B., Bernhofer C., Cescatti A. 2015. The uncertain climate footprint of wetlands under human pressure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 112 p. 4594-4599. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416267112

Regina K., Pihlatie M., Esala M. and Alakukku L. 2007. Methane fluxes on boreal arable soils. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 199, 346-352

Regina K., Syväsalo E., Hannukkala A., and Esala M. 2004. Fluxes of N₂O from farmed peat soils in Finland. European Journal of Soil Science 55, 591-599

5.12.2018